Phone Dialer enables you to place telephone calls from your computer to another telephone by using your modem or another Windows NT telephony device.

Using Windows Messaging to exchange messages

With Windows Messaging, you can send and receive electronic mail messages. You send messages from and store all messages in Windows Messaging, so there's one convenient place to look for all your messages.

• To start Windows Messaging
• To open Windows Messaging to send or receive a message, double-click the Inbox icon on your desktop.
• For information about how to use Windows Messaging, click the Help menu in Windows Messaging.

Note: If the Inbox icon is not on your desktop, then Windows Messaging is not installed. To find out how to install it, click Related Topics below.

To add or remove a Windows NT component

1 To open the Add/Remove Programs Properties dialog box.

• Go to START > SETTING > CONTROL PANEL
• Choose the Add/Remove Programs from the list of program choice given

2 Select the component you want to add or remove.

To add all parts of a component, click its check box.

• To remove all parts of a component, clear its check box.
• To add or remove some parts of a component, highlight the component, and then click Details.

Check or clear the parts as needed, and then click OK.

Notes: If a component contains more than one part, you can see what is included in it by highlighting the component, and then clicking Details.

If you originally used a CD-ROM to install Windows NT, you may be prompted to insert it into your computer.

Using HyperTerminal to connect to a remote computer

You can use HyperTerminal and a modem to connect to a remote computer, even if it isn't running Windows. You can also use HyperTerminal to send and receive files, or to connect to computer bulletin boards and other information programs.

To start HyperTerminal

• Click START, point to Programs, point to Accessories, and then click HyperTerminal.

For information about how to use HyperTerminal, click the Help menu in HyperTerminal.

Tip: To gain access to files and printers on another computer running Windows, use Dial-Up Networking rather than HyperTerminal.

Using Dial-Up Networking to connect to a remote computer or network

With Dial-Up Networking, you can gain access to shared information on a remote computer, even if your computer is not on a network.

For example, if you have a computer at home, you can dial in and connect to your work computer. To do this, your home computer must have a modem or ISDN adapter installed.

To use Dial-Up Networking

Double-click My Computer, and then double-click Dial-Up Networking.

Using My Briefcase to keep documents up-to-date

If you want to work on files at home or on the road, you can use My Briefcase to help keep the various copies of the files updated.

To use My Briefcase, you drag files from shared folders on your main computer to the My Briefcase icon on your portable computer. When you are finished working on the files on the portable computer, reconnect to your main computer, and then click Update All in Briefcase to automatically replace the unmodified files on your main computer with the modified files in My Briefcase.

The files on your main computer are automatically revised; you do not need to move the files you worked on out of My Briefcase or delete the existing copies.

Note : When you are copying files from your main computer into My Briefcase on your portable computer, the two computers must be connected, either over a network or by a cable.

To keep files synchronized by using a floppy disk

• Insert a floppy disk into a disk drive on your main computer.
• Copy files to My Briefcase. (You can drag the files or folders to the My Briefcase icon on your desktop.)
• Drag the My Briefcase icon to the floppy disk to copy the files to the disk.
• Insert the floppy disk into a disk drive on your portable or laptop computer, and then edit the files in My Briefcase.
• When you are ready to synchronize the files, reinsert the floppy disk containing the My Briefcase icon into a disk drive on your main computer, and then double-click the My Briefcase icon.
• On the Briefcase menu, click Update All.

Or, click the files you want to update, and then click Update Selection.

To select multiple files and folders

• In the folder window, hold down the CTRL key, and then click each item you want to select:
• To select all the files and folders in the window, click the Edit menu, and then click Select All.
• To select a group of files that are next to each other in the Windows NT Explorer, click anywhere in the blank area of the window. A box appears that you can then drag around the files you want to select.

Using Backup to back up your files

You can use Backup to back up files on your hard disk to tape. When you've made a backup file, you can restore it if your original files are damaged or lost.

Compressing an NTFS volume

• You can compress an NTFS volume to free disk space.
• To compress an NTFS volume

1. In My Computer or Windows NT Explorer, click the volume you want to compress.
2. On the File menu, click Properties.
3. Select the Compress check box that also displays the drive letter of the volume you selected (for example, Compress D:\).

Detecting and repairing disk errors

You can run disk checking on your volume to check for errors on your hard disk.

To run disk checking

1. In My Computer or Windows NT Explorer, click the volume you want to check.
2. On the File menu, click Properties.
3. Select the Tools tab.
4. Under Error-checking, click Check Now.
5. In the Check Disk dialog box, select the Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors check box.

Note : All files must be closed for this process to run. If the volume is currently in use, a message asks if you want to reschedule the disk checking for the next time you restart your system. Then, the next time you restart your system, disk checking will run. Your volume will not be available to run other tasks while this process is running.

Additional Network Services for Windows NT Workstation

The following services add networking capabilities beyond basic networking to Windows NT Workstation. The service must be installed for help to be available.

Installing Network Services

These services let you access the Internet, NetWare networks, UNIX networks, and remote computers or networks. Windows NT Server can also provide file and print support to Macintosh clients, allow network clients to load MS-DOS or Windows for Workgroups software over the network, and administer the installation of the client software provided with Windows NT Server for non-Windows NT computers.

After you install Windows NT, you can install these services using the Network option in Control Panel. To do this, on the Services tab, click Add. Then, in the Network Services box, click a service, click OK, and then supply the path to the distribution files.

You can also install these services during Custom Setup TCP/IP. Services for NetWare can also be installed during Express Setup.

TCP/IP

You can use TCP/IP as a network protocol to support your enterprise networking and for Internet connectivity. TCP/IP provides a robust, scaleable, cross-platform client-server framework for your network and supports Windows Sockets, RPC, and NetBIOS.

TCP/IP provides connectivity programs, diagnostic tools, and client software for simple network protocols. An FTP Server service, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and TCP/IP printing simplify integration into a UNIX network. TCP/IP network administration is easy with the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service, the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) service, and the Domain Name System (DNS) service.

Client Service for NetWare

You can easily access NetWare file and print resources. You can also run some NetWare utilities and NetWare-aware programs from your Windows NT Workstation computer. To set printing options and specify a preferred NetWare server, use the CSNW option in Control Panel.

Remote Access Service (RAS)

Users in remote sites can use the network as if their computers were directly connected to the network. After installing RAS, you can use RAS phone book to maintain the telephone numbers of remote networks, and to connect to and disconnect from these remote networks. You administer Windows NT Remote Access servers using Remote Access Admin.

Additional Network Services for Windows NT Server

The following services add networking capabilities beyond basic networking to Windows NT Server. The service must be installed for help to be available.

Installing Network Services

These services let you access the Internet, NetWare networks, UNIX networks, and remote computers or networks. Windows NT Server can also provide file and print support to Macintosh clients, allow network clients to load MS-DOS or Windows for Workgroups software over the network, and administer the installation of the client software provided with Windows NT Server for non-Windows NT computers.

After you install Windows NT, you can install these services using the Network option in Control Panel. To do this, on the Services tab, click Add. Then, in the Network Services box, click a service, click OK, and then supply the path to the distribution files.

You can also install these services during Custom Setup TCP/IP. Services for NetWare can also be installed during Express Setup.

Gateway Service for NetWare

You can access NetWare file and print resources and share them seamlessly with Microsoft networking clients. You can also run some NetWare utilities and NetWare-aware programs from your Windows NT Server computer. Use the GSNW option in Control Panel to set printing options, specify a preferred NetWare server, and enable the sharing of NetWare file and print resources.

Services for Macintosh

Your IBM PC-compatible and Apple Macintosh computers can share the same files and printers on your network. After installing Services for Macintosh on a Windows NT Server computer, you can use the MacFile option in Control Panel or the MacFile menu in Server Manager to configure the Services for Macintosh server. You can also use the MacFile menu in File Manager or Server Manager to configure Macintosh-accessible volumes.

Remoteboot Service

Windows NT Server can start MS-DOS and Windows computers over the network. After installing Remoteboot Service, you can use Remoteboot Manager in the Network Administration program group to set up computer profiles and to control which computers to start.

Network Client Administrator

You can use this Windows NT Server program to create media for installing the following network client software and administration tools on computers:

Microsoft Windows for Workgroups version 3.11

Microsoft Network Client for MS-DOS version 3.0

• Microsoft LAN Manager for MS-DOS version 2.2
• Microsoft LAN Manager for MS OS/2 version 2.2
• Client-based network administration tools
• Remote Access Service (RAS) for MS-DOS
• Microsoft TCP/IP-32 for Windows for Workgroups

What's New or Different from LAN Manager

The following table lists commands that have changed or been added since LAN Manager version 2.2. See TCP/IP utilities for a list of TCP/IP commands.

New or Changed Commands from LAN Manager

Window NT Commands

Backup

Backs up one or more files from one disk onto another.

You can back up files onto either a hard disk or floppy disk(s). Files can also be backed up from one floppy disk onto another, even if the disks have different numbers of sides or sectors. Windows NT displays the name of each file it backs up.

backup source destination-drive: [/s] [/m] [/a][/f[:size]] [/d:date [/t:time]][/l[:[

drive:][path]logfile]]

Parameters

source

Specifies the location of files you want to back up. Source can consist of a drive letter and colon, a directory name, a filename, or a combination.

destination-drive: Specifies the drive that contains the disk on which you wantUto store any backup files. The backup files are stored in the BACKUP.nnn and CONTROL.nnn files. That is, backup assigns the names BACKUP.001 and CONTROL.001 to the files it creates on the first backup disk you use, BACKUP.002 and CONTROL.002 to the files it creates on the second backup disk, and so on.

/s

Backs up the contents of all subdirectories.

/m

Backs up only files that have changed since the last backup, and turns off the archive attribute of the original files.

/a

Adds backup files to an existing backup disk without deleting existing files. (The /a switch is ignored if the existing backup disk contains backup files that were created by using the backup command from MS-DOS version 3.2 or earlier.)

/f[:size]

Formats the backup disk to the size you specify. (The format command must be present in the current path.) With this switch, you direct backup to format floppy disks that do not match the default size of the drive. The backup command formats an unformatted destination disk even if you do not specify the /f switch. When backup finishes formatting, it begins backing up files onto the last disk it formatted. Size specifies the size in kilobytes of the disk to be formatted. If you do not specify size, the /f switch uses the default size of the drive. The following list shows the valid values for size and a brief description of each size:

• 160 or 160k or 160kb 160K, single-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
• 180 or 180k or 180kb 180K, single-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
• 320 or 320k or 320kb 320K, double-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
• 360 or 360k or 360kb 360K, double-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
• 720 or 720k or 720kb 720K, double-sided, double-density, 3.5-inch disk
• 1200 or 1200k or 1200kb or 1.2 or 1.2m or 1.2mb 1.2-MB, double-sided, quadruple-density, 5.25-inch disk
• 1440 or 1440k or 1440kb or 1.44 or 1.44m or 1.44mb 1.44-MB, double-sided, quadruple-density, 3.5-inch disk
• 2880 or 2880k or 2880kb or 2.88 or 2.88m or 2.88mb 2.88-MB, double-sided, 3.5-inch disk

/d:date

Backs up only files modified on or after the specified date. The date format depends on the setting you are using for the country command.

/t:time

Backs up only files modified at or after the specified time. The time format depends on the setting you are using for the country command.

/l[:[drive:][path]logfile]

Creates a log file and adds an entry to that file to record the backup operation. If you do not specify a location for the log file, backup puts the file in the root directory of the source drive. If you do not specify logfile, backup names the file BACKUP.LOG. You should not specify a removable drive (such as a floppy disk drive) for this parameter; but once the backup is complete, you can copy the log file to a floppy disk.

Backing up onto a disk with files

Unless you use the /a switch, backup deletes old files (including read-only files) from a backup disk before adding new files to it.

Backup log file

If you use the /l switch and do not specify a name and location for the log file, the backup command adds a file named BACKUP.LOG to the root directory of the source drive. If the BACKUP.LOG file already exists, backup adds the current entry to the file. A backup log-file entry uses the following format:

The date and time of the backup appear on the first line.

Each filename appears on a separate line with the number of the backup disk that contains the file.

The backup log file can assist you later, when you need to identify the files you want to restore. The restore command always returns a file to the original directory or subdirectory recorded in the backup log, creating the subdirectory if necessary.

Labeling backup disks

It is important to label and number backup disks consecutively. As each disk is filled, backup prompts you for the next disk. When you restore files, you need to insert the backup disks into the disk drive in the same sequence. To check the sequence of backup disks (MS-DOS version 3.3 or later), use the dir command to check the disk number.

Backup and system files

The backup command cannot back up the system files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and CMD.EXE. You can use the sys command to copy these files onto a floppy disk.

Using an old version of the restore command

You cannot use an old version of the restore command (MS-DOS version 3.2 or earlier) for files backed up with MS-DOS version 3.3 or later. If you attempt this, Windows NT displays the following message:

Source does not contain backup files

This error occurs because the format of old backup files differs from the format of files backed up with MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.

Backup exit codes

The following list shows each exit code and given a brief description of its meaning:

0 The backup was successful.

1 No files were found to back up.

2 Some files were not backed up because of file-sharing conflicts.

3 The user pressed CTRL+C to stop the process.

4 The process stopped because of an error.

You can use the errorlevel parameter on the if command line in a batch program to process exit codes returned by the backup command. For an example of a batch program that processes exit codes, see Backup--Examples.

More Information About Backup

Append

Enables programs to open data files in specified directories as if these files were in the current directory.

The specified directories are called appended directories because, for the sake of opening data files, they can be found as if they were appended to the current directory.

append [;] [[drive:]path[;...]] [/x:{on | off}][/path:{on | off}] [/e]

Parameters    ;

Cancels the list of appended directories.

[drive:]path

Specifies the drive (if other than the current drive) and directory that you want to append to the current directory. You can specify multiple entries of [drive:]path, separating the entries with semicolons. When used by itself, append cancels the existing list of appended directories.

/x:{on | off}

Specifies whether MS-DOS subsystem is to search appended directories when executing programs. If you use the /x:on switch, the program does search appended directories. If you use the /x:off switch, the program does not search appended directories. You can abbreviate /x:on to /x. If you want to specify /x:on, you must do it the first time you use append after starting your system. After that, you can switch between /x:on and /x:off.

/path:{on | off}

Specifies whether a program is to search appended directories for a data file when a path is already included with the name of the file the program is looking for. The default setting is /path:on.

/e

Assigns the list of appended directories to an environment variable named append. This switch can be used only the first time you use append after starting your system. If you use /e, you can use the set command to display the list of appended directories. For information about environment variables, see the set command.

Path

Sets a search path for executable files.

Windows NT uses the path command to search for executable files in the directories you specify. By default, the search path is the current directory only.

path [[drive:]path[;...]] [%path%]

Parameters

none

Used without parameters, path displays the current search path.

[drive:]path

Specifies a drive, directory, and any subdirectories to search.

  ;

When used as the only parameter, clears all search-path settings and specifies that Windows NT is to search only the current directory.

%path%

Appends current path to the new setting.

Current directory

Windows NT always searches in the current directory first, before it searches directories in the search path.

Files with the same name, different extensions

You might have some files in the same directory that share the same filename but have different extensions. For example, you might have a file named ACCNT.COM that starts an accounting program and another file named ACCNT.BAT that connects your system to the accounting system network.

Windows NT searches for a file by using default filename extensions in the following order of precedence: .EXE, .COM, .BAT, and .CMD. To run ACCNT.BAT when ACCNT.COM exists in the same directory, you must include the .BAT extension on the command line.

Two or more identical filenames in the path

You might have two or more files in the search path that have the same filename and extension. Windows NT searches for the specified filename first in the current directory. Then it searches directories in the order in which they are listed in the path command.

Specifying multiple paths

To specify more than one path for Windows NT to search, separate entries with a semicolon (;).

Using path in your AUTOEXEC.NT file

If you place the path command in your AUTOEXEC.NT file, Windows NT automatically appends the specified MS-DOS subsystem search path to the Windows NT search path every time you log on to your computer.

Fcbs

Specifies the number of file control blocks (FCBs) that the MS-DOS subsystem can have open at the same time.

A file control block is a data structure that stores information about a file.

fcbs=x

Parameter

x

Specifies the number of file control blocks that the MS-DOS subsystem can have open at one time. Valid values for x are in the range 1 through 255. The default value is 4.

Fcbs--Notes

Limitation on opening files

If a program tries to open more than x files by using file control blocks, the MS-DOS subsystem might close the files that were opened earlier.

Recommended use of the fcbs command

You should use the fcbs command only if a program requires you to do so. Most newer programs do not require file control blocks. However, some older programs might require you to use the fcbs command in your CONFIG.NT file.

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